![]() ![]() With reduced stress, parents may be less likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors like physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and alcohol use, which are often considered coping mechanisms related to elevated psychological distress ( 14– 16). The protected time allows more opportunities for bonding and a focus on the needs of the new family, which may reduce stress and improve mental health for parents. Because it provides salary support, paid leave increases family income relative to unpaid leave ( 11). PFL policies may influence health through several mechanisms ( 2). due to differences in the generosity of policies in other countries (which tend to offer full wage replacement and longer leaves), as well as the more robust social welfare systems and childcare options available. While there is a larger literature examining the effects of PFL policies in other high-income countries ( 11– 13), these may not generalize to the U.S. ![]() Most existing studies use data sources with limited information on parental income and employment, which means that they are unable to precisely identify families who are likely to be eligible. These have found increased breastfeeding after implementation of PFL policies ( 4, 5), improved mental health among parents ( 6, 7), and health improvements among infants and young children ( 8– 10). Only a handful of studies have examined the health effects of state PFL policies and related policies on temporary disability insurance for new mothers. federal, state, and local governments, evidence is needed to inform policymakers and the general public about the effects of these policies on health outcomes. Given the increased discussion of implementing and expanding PFL policies among U.S. state to implement a mandated PFL policy, followed by other states in more recent years ( 3). In 2004, California became the first U.S. The federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 provides 12 weeks of unpaid leave, but nearly half of workers are ineligible, and many eligible workers cannot afford to take leave without pay ( 2). is the only high-income country without a national paid family leave (PFL) policy ( 1). Future studies should examine the effects of more recently implemented state and local PFL policies to determine whether variation in policy implementation and generosity affects outcomes. These findings suggest that California’s PFL policy had positive impacts on several health outcomes, providing timely evidence to inform ongoing policy discussions at the federal and state levels. Results were robust to alternative specifications. Improvements in health status and psychological distress were greater for mothers, and reductions in alcohol use were greater for fathers. We found improvements in self-rated health and psychological distress, as well as decreased likelihood of being overweight and reduced alcohol consumption. Outcomes included self-rated health, psychological distress, overweight and obesity, and alcohol use. We used detailed longitudinal sociodemographic information about study participants and a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences analytic technique to examine the effects of California’s PFL policy on families who were likely eligible for the paid leave, while accounting for underlying trends in these outcomes among states that did not implement PFL policies in this period. Data were drawn from the 1993–2017 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a large diverse national cohort study of U.S. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that California’s PFL policy-implemented in 2004-improved parent health outcomes. states have implemented PFL policies in recent years, there are few studies that examine the effects of these policies on health. is the only high-income country without a national paid family leave (PFL) policy.
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